Procrastination And Its Effect - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2244 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/06/24 Category Psychology Essay Level High school Topics: Procrastination Essay Did you like this example? In the article, Procrastination in College Students: The Role of Self-Efficacy and Anxiety, it is about procrastination and the relationship to efficacy expectations and anxiety. Procrastination discussed in this article is the failure to not get something done in a timely manner or putting things off (Haycock, McCarthy, Skay, 1998). Procrastination can become problematic if it is accompanied by internal discomfort or also known as anxiety. Procrastination is common among people but can be a serious problem. It can cause internal consequences like irritation, despair, regret, and self-blame (Haycock et al., 1998). External consequences can also be a problem by impaired academic work, or work progress in general, losing opportunities, and putting strains on relationships. It is thought that procrastination is a habit that is learned from human preference for enjoyable activities or short-term rewards (Haycock et al., 1998). Others view procrastination as rebellion against overdemanding parents or excessive parents, or as a means of avoiding anxiety. There are several predictors of procrastination including irrational beliefs, attribution style, beliefs about time, self-esteem, optimism, and self-handicapping strategies. Procrastination is used as a strategy to protect fragile sense of self-esteem. People who base their self esteem on high performance on activities, procrastination allows them to avoid their complete testing of their abilities. Because of this they maintain the belief that their abilities are higher than their actual abilities might be. Self-efficacy is an individualrs judgment on how well they will perform certain behaviors in certain situations. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Procrastination And Its Effect" essay for you Create order There are two components to self-efficacy: efficacy expectations are the beliefs to complete specific tasks with oners capabilities. Outcome expectations are the desired outcomes from certain behaviors. It was hypothesized that self-efficacy plays in initiating and completing behaviors (Haycock et al., 1998). There have only been a few studies done looking at the relationship between self-efficacy and procrastination. In research studies on procrastination and self-efficacy, anxiety is another variable that is commonly looked at. In threatening situations, people experience weak efficacy and increased anxiety. Procrastination could be an avoidance response related to one or both of these variables. The focus of this study was to see if procrastination would be predicted by variables that are theoretically or empirically tied to construct (Haycock et al., 1998). It was also hypnotized that efficacy would have the strongest predicators and anxiety would have the next strongest predicto rs of procrastination. One hundred and forty-one college student volunteers that were enrolled at a midwestern university, participated in the study. The age range of the students that participated were 18 to 54 years old. The participants were acted to imagine themselves doing something meaningful such as writing a paper, finding a job, making a big decision, etc. The SEI was used to assess behaviors related to the task that they chose. The SEI was to assess efficacy level and strength. The level was measured by asking yes or no questions on whether they thought they could do a series of behaviors that vary in difficulty. Form G of the Procrastination Inventory was modified and was used to measure procrastination with 20 forced-choice items about general, everyday behavior. The Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory was used to measure anxiety and consisted of two 20-item scales, the Trait scale and the State scale. The trait scale measures the tendency of perceiving situations as threatening. The state scale measures temporary anxiety in response to specific stimuli. Participants were asked to imagine themselves doing the same meaningful task as before. The participants finding showed moderate amounts of procrastination and high efficacy expectations. It was also reported high state anxiety and moderate trait anxiety. Procrastination was significantly related to self-efficacy and anxiety. Procrastination was inversely related to efficacy level and efficacy strength. Procrastination was both significantly and positively related to state and trait anxiety. In the discussion, it was talked about that efficacy strength was significant and a inverse predictor of procrastination. Participants that had strong efficacy expectations didnt procrastinate as much. These finding are consistent with the other studies that had looked at efficacy expectations and procrastination (Haycock et al., 1998). Stronger efficacy expectations lead to greater task initiation and persistence, on the other hand weak efficacy expectations has less initiation and less persistence. In the article, Academic Procrastination in College Students: The Role of Self-Reported Executive Function, its about how procrastination can impact academic self-efficacy, learning, quality of life and achievement negatively (Rabin, Fogel Nutter-Upham, 2011). Academic procrastination is putting something off intentionally and not using time management. This occurs 30%-to 60% of undergraduate students, this is students who regularly put tasks off like doing assignments, studying for exams, or writing papers. It is acceptable to have occasional delays, but this can become problematic. What is the difference between problematic and habitual procrastination comes down to internal subjective discomfort. This discomfort can be anxiety, irritation, regret, despair, or self-blame. The external consequences would be decreased learning, lost opportunity, an increase in health risks, or strained relationships (Rabin et al., 2011). Possible predictors of this are cognitive, emotional, and personality variables. Self-handicapping, low self-esteem, low academic self-efficacy, fear of failure, and distorted perceptions of available and required time to complete tasks are all frequently cited cognitive correlations. Other studies have found that anxiety, depression, and worry are all associated with procrastination. It has been reported in several studies that there were higher levels of procrastination in males, but many other studies have reported no gender difference (Rabin et al.,2011). The same thing occurred with age and procrastination. Failure in self-regulation is increasingly recognized as procrastination. A failure in regulation may have a reduced ability to resist social temptations, pleasurable activities, and short-term reward. There may also be a failure to make efficient use of internal and external cues to initiate, maintain, and terminate goal-directed actions (Rabin et al.,2011). Executive functi on is known as the frontal brain systems in self-regulatory and related processes. Participants were taken from various undergraduate psychology courses at a four-year public college, that was part of the Urban University system (Rabin et al.,2011). There were 212 individuals in the study. The students had to complete a series of questionnaires that would take about 30-40 mins on the topic of academic motivation. They also completed a demographic questionnaire to report their age, sex, race, and any medical or psychiatric conditions. The following study measures were completed in the order they are listed. Lay General Procrastination Depression Inventory-II, this is a 20-item measure of trait procrastination that looked at the behavioral tendencies to delay of everyday tasks. The Lay General Procrastination Depression Inventory-II has good validity and reliability in a variety of ways (Rabin et al.,2011). The Beck Depression Inventory-II and Beck Anxiety Inventory are the most commonly used self-administered measures of emotional functioning. This consists of 21 questions that evaluate the intensity of depression that was experienced over the past two weeks. Each of the 21 questions describes a common symptom of depression. They also have strong reliability and validity with young adults. The Shipley Institute of Living Scale is a intellectual functioning test that consists of a vocabulary and abstraction section. The NEO-FIT is used to measure the Big Five domains of adult personality. The Big Five are openness, conscientious, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism. The results of the study were the average procrastination scores were in the neutral range. The average score of the NEO-FIT were within the average to high range. The anxiety and depressive symptoms on average were within the minimal to mild range. Conscientiousness scores were associated with increasing procrastin ation along with the BDI-II and NEO-Conscientiousness. The discussion talked about the findings showing the importance of self-reported executive functions in predicting the likelihood of academic procrastination. Students that have initiation problems have difficulty getting started, but they want to succeed. These people might need prompts or cues to begin an activity (Rabin et al.,2011). These people may also get overwhelmed with large amounts of information or work. There are effective strategies to help these students with procrastination like to set small goals to work towards the big goal. The results indicated that low conscientiousness was an important predicator of procrastination. The ability to shift from one situation or another is a component of executive functioning. For the first article, Procrastination in College Students: The Role of Self-Efficacy and Anxiety the construct validity was good. I think the study measured the variables well, self-efficacy, efficacy level and strength, procrastination, anxiety, and demographics. For the self-efficacy, participants were asked to imagine and important and difficult project that is meaningful to them, and then respond to the SEI in the context to what they imagined. I think this is good construct validity, because it is making it meaningful to the participant and I think the data will be more accurate. The participants answered yes and no questions based on a series of behaviors that vary in difficulty for the level of efficacy (Haycock et al., 1998). This could be a good method to use as long as the participants are answering truthfully and to the best of their ability. For the efficacy strength they were asked how confident they were in doing each of the behaviors. For the efficacy level and strength, I think overall this was probably the best approach in this research study. I think it worked and they got the results that were expected. To test the procrastination participants took a 20 forced-choice test that asked questions about everyday things. I think this a good option to test procrastination because it puts it in perspective and makes it meaningful to the person because they are personal to them. To test anxiety, was similar to the first task of imagining them doing the important and difficult project and they rated themselves on a Likert scale. Demographics were asked by a questionnaire. I think overall this study has good construct validity, because the study used precise and reliable testing. In the study the numbers were given and proved that the study was done accurately. The external validity was good. The participation was voluntary, a researcher discussed what the study was about during class time. The sample included both undergraduates, adult extension and graduate students, along with a variety of different majors were represented in the study (Haycock et al., 1998). There was a variety of race in the participation, so different race was represented in the study. This research study did a good job at including a good representation of people in the study. The results support what the study is saying, the numbers make sense with what the researchers are saying. The results dont seem to be off or made up and seem to go with the data well. In the second article, Academic Procrastination in College Students: The Role of Self-Reported Executive Function, I think the construct validity was good. The study went into great detail when conducting the study. They had several different ways to measure what they needed. They used the Lay General Procrastination Scale, Student version, which examined the delay or completion of everyday tasks with behavioral tendencies. Beck Depression Inventory-II and the Beck Anxiety Inventory are two of the most commonly used self-administered tests for emotional functioning (Haycock et al., 1998). There is strong support with young adults for their reliability and validity. The Shipley is a test that contains two portions a vocabulary and abstraction for general intellectual functioning. The NEO-FIT measures the Big Five, and previous research demonstrated the reliability and validity (Haycock et al., 1998). With all of these tests and measures that they used the construct is very strong. The researchers proved that this article measured the variables accurately with the detail that they went into and the did extra measures that werent in their order of testing. Like the BRIEF-A which is a self-reported measure that measures executive function in everyday environment (Haycock et al., 1998). External validity was strong, they pulled people from various psychology courses. So they did have did psychology courses in the study. They didnt have students from other courses, but they still did represent from different psychology classes. They got rid of individuals who were over the age of 30 because they were looking for people to fit the normal college profile. I think overall for the profile that they needed the external validity was strong, even though they didnt have other classes involved, they were doing the research in a psychology classroom. They also had the representation from sex, race, and medical or psychiatric conditions. The statistical validity was strong, the claim matches the data in the results. The results support the claim that the researcher gave, and the three tables help to prove that. I think the most important article is Academic procrastination in college students: The Role of Self-Reported Executive Function. I think this is the most important because in my opinion I think this article has better and reliable construct validity. The researcher measured the variables in different ways and giving a more reliable result. The statistical validity was also better in this article. The numbers and data matched the claim closer than the other article. The top reason I think this article is more important because the replicability was better. Both articles were replicable, and the other article was able to be replicated sixty-eight times, but those studies werent replicated like this study. The article that I think is more important was replicated twenty-four times and some of those studies were replicated in a similar manner. This study was able to be replicated exactly where the other study was replicated similarly but not the same methods were used.

Analysis Of The Book The Big Reason - 907 Words

An author has a purpose for writing the many forms of nonfiction. The big reason author’s write nonfiction is to present information to the reader, to inform and to explain; however, they do write to entertain and persuade. Depending on what you are reading depends on what kind of information and how it is written. Here are some different types of nonfiction and the author’s purpose. Keep in mind that a narrative can also be noted as a descriptive writing too; an argument can be descriptive also. There can be more than one type at times, but typically one type of nonfiction. Types of Nonfiction Purpose Argument or Persuasive to convince reader to think or act a certain way based on opinion supported by evidence Expository or†¦show more content†¦The purpose is to make a stand on cyber schools. †¢ The textbook, The Principles of the Environment, which discusses the Earth’s environment, is an informational writing. The purpose is to learn about the Earth’s environment through descriptive information. †¢ Encyclopedia Britannica, which is a resource full of information and facts is an expository or informational writing. The purpose is to present facts. ELA6_A_3_5_ACT_1 An author will write from a certain point of view, the vantage point of the writing. Authors want their readers to see the topic from their point of view, through their eyes, from their outlook. In nonfiction, point of view is the perspective the author is writing from. Depending on the topic and purpose, nonfiction writers write in different points of view. First Person - (I, we) Examples - autobiographies, memoirs, speeches Second Person - (you, your) Examples – instructions, recipes, advice Third Person - (he, she, it, they) Examples – news articles, encyclopedias They write about what the author thinks and feels about his or her subject. Identifying an author’s point of view is important because the reader can: †¢ Understand why the author is interested in the subject †¢ Understand what the author thinks about the topic †¢ Understand what the author may want the reader to think Readers can often establish what the author’s point of view

Punctuality and Time Essay - 1205 Words

Punctuality is being on time or completing something on time. The main thing is time management. Time management is exercising control over the amount of time spent on activities or it is used to manage time when accomplishing specific tasks or goals. With this u can break time management it to categories like Time discipline adding a time limit and the Value of time. Time discipline is the act of planning out time to do something and then sticking to the time u have set to do it or someone else has set for u to do and complete it in that set time. Time discipline can also be using your time wisely and not waiting till the last moment to do it. But allotting time and doing it in that time so you’re not rushed and so u make fewer†¦show more content†¦You command respect and admiration of all who work with you and are an asset. Everybody likes to work with you such a lovely man. On the contrary an unpunctual man sees himself in arrears as days pass and is gradually filled with despair. He generally causes inconvenience to others and is most of the time a liability. Punctuality is inevitable everywhere. In business also this is very important. If you want to be a successful businessman, you have to be very particular in being punctual. The failure to keep up an engagement punctually may mean a setback for his business. If you are not punctual, you can see your washes away between your cup and lip! If we study the lives of our great men, we find that punctuality was one of the secrets of their success in life. The necessity of doing our work punctually should be felt more keenly because we live today in a complicated society where each work is dependent on the other. The smooth working of the modern world is due to an increasing recognition of the necessity of doing our work punctually. Punctuality being so important in life, it is necessary for every man to cultivate this habit from the very beginning. Once we are punctual, our labours will be lightened, our mind disciplined and our life will be much easier and brighter.so I guess what I’m saying is if we be punctual, we can finish up our work at right time. Punctuality checks unnecessary wastage of time. Time is very valuableShow MoreRelatedTime Management and Punctuality Essay1771 Words   |  8 PagesTHE IMPORTANCE OF PUNCUALITY punctuality is the habit of doing things exactly on time. a punctual person will be a winner wherever he or she goes. a punctual person is always one step ahead of everyone else. most people live by planning work and work plan. But if you do not stick to your word how are you to become a better person in life? Punctuality is essential for man or woman in every walk of life. for a soldier to be punctual it takes discipline and is also a great blessing. 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Purpose Of Facilitating A Case Study Research - 964 Words

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Example For Students

Slow-moving disintegration has taken hold of the farmhouse in rural upstate New York. The house sinks into the ground and rooms drift into each other, leaving moldings, doorjambs and window frames stranded. Grass, weeds and shrubbery creep in; full-grown trees take root in the corners, giving the place the look of a surreal ruin. Playwright Tina Howe calls the tottering house her most frightening set. And the play, One Shoe Off, reflects a burgeoning anxiety. It was informed by a real sense of catastrophe, she says. The house is a metaphor for instability. The boom of the 80s is over. Theres very little you can count on anymore not health, jobs, family ties. One Shoe Off opened in April with a Second Stage production at the Joseph Papp Public Theater in New York. It is Howes first play since Approaching Zanzibar in 1989, and is a departure from the lyrical style and agitated monologues that have become her hallmark. People at wits end The difference is that Im writing about people who are panic-stricken, she says, sitting on a sofa in her sunny apartment on Manhattans Upper West Side. The early drafts had too much language. When people are overwrought and at wits end, they actually use fewer words. I had to find a new style that matched that sense of catastrophe. The play brings together five people two married couples and a male friend of the hosts for a disastrous dinner party. In an attempt to capture the despair of people living in a world where nothing is certain, Howe has returned to absurdism (which she prefers to call metaphysical farce) of early plays like Birth and After Birth and Museum. A decade ago, after feeling that her love of the exotic was dooming her plays, Howe intentionally controlled her absurdist desires and in 1983 wrote the more straightforward Painting Churches, her most successful play. But to be true to the experience of the 90s, she says she needed a larger-than-life approach. I thought, Why not go for broke and go back to what I always loved most?' she says. I had a deep conviction that this was the appropriate style to be writing in. The desperation of the style matches the message. Artistic director Carole Rothman, who is at the helm of her fourth Tina Howe play, says the challenge of One Shoe Off is to find the right balance between comedy and despair. She uses language to create a special world in her plays, Rothman says. They are eminently actable and directable. This one is very honed-down and clearly focused, and the five characters are drawn in depth. One Shoe Offs five characters are played by Mary Beth Hurt, Jeffrey DeMunn, Daniel Gerroll, Jennifer Tilly and Brian Kerwin; Heidi Landesman designed the fecund set, her third for a Howe play. Unlike Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf?, which also features two couples at a disastrous social gathering, the battle in One Shoe Off is not between the sexes; it is more a fight for commitment in the face of panic and sexual longing. My characters are not simply angry, Howe says, theyre more broken. Greenhouse gone mad And they are being overtaken by trees, shrubs, plants and leaves. How do you get them to grow indoors?, asks Tate, an editor invited for dinner. How do you get to grow them outdoors?! retorts Leonard, the out-of-work actor whos playing host. In one comic scene, Leonards wife Dinah struggles into the room with a gigantic vat of salad which she says she picked that morning from inside the coat closet, its like a greenhouse gone madmushrooms nestling in the mittens, avocados blooming in the galoshes, broccoli sprouting out the umbrellas. A wave of vegetable lust is surging through the house, it keeps us awake at night. Green beans quickening, okra stiffening, zucchini swelling. Cabbage writhing, endive panting, hearts of palm ululating under the bed. .ue7a81d3cbb1b092bc98fd72fe6e913af , .ue7a81d3cbb1b092bc98fd72fe6e913af .postImageUrl , .ue7a81d3cbb1b092bc98fd72fe6e913af .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue7a81d3cbb1b092bc98fd72fe6e913af , .ue7a81d3cbb1b092bc98fd72fe6e913af:hover , .ue7a81d3cbb1b092bc98fd72fe6e913af:visited , .ue7a81d3cbb1b092bc98fd72fe6e913af:active { border:0!important; } .ue7a81d3cbb1b092bc98fd72fe6e913af .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue7a81d3cbb1b092bc98fd72fe6e913af { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue7a81d3cbb1b092bc98fd72fe6e913af:active , .ue7a81d3cbb1b092bc98fd72fe6e913af:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue7a81d3cbb1b092bc98fd72fe6e913af .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue7a81d3cbb1b092bc98fd72fe6e913af .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue7a81d3cbb1b092bc98fd72fe6e913af .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue7a81d3cbb1b092bc98fd72fe6e913af .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue7a81d3cbb1b092bc98fd72fe6e913af:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue7a81d3cbb1b092bc98fd72fe6e913af .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue7a81d3cbb1b092bc98fd72fe6e913af .ue7a81d3cbb1b092bc98fd72fe6e913af-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue7a81d3cbb1b092bc98fd72fe6e913af:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The sorcerer's apprentice EssayAs in the past, Howe first imagined the set and then wrote the play. The invasive, vegetative setting sprang from a recurring nightmare she has had for the past several years. In it Howe relives the sense of isolation and claustrophobia she felt living in upstate New York while her husband was a professor at a state university and she was at home with two small children. The people I admire most in literature and music are the stylists like Virginia Woolf and Bach, the playwright says, citing Woolfs idea that rhythm is everything. Im addicted to baroque music and it seeps into my work. Despite the shift away from monologues, Howe calls One Shoe Off quintessential me a culmination. Its less artful than my other plays, but its about a more urgent subject. The pain is very raw.

Blue Streak free essay sample

What suggestions would you offer to Art to improve his operation? It seems as though, Art prematurely opened the two locations in neighboring states. Because Art was a constant figure in his other locations from inception, the vision that he had for those locations were taught and able to be practiced to his standards. There are at least three areas in which this operation can be improved. It is clear that art believes that the common denominator in the success of all his other locations is his presence. At the locations in neighboring states his managers feel as though, he frequents the locations too much. There is a clear disconnect in his intent and their out look of the situation. His manager likely believe that he doesn’t trust them to effectively manage, and do the job in which they were hired. They likely seem his as a micromanager. I believe that this problem can be solved with simple communication. We will write a custom essay sample on Blue Streak or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He explains the reasoning behind his constant visitations and I’m sure his manager will be able to understand his reasoning and that will relieve some of the tension. Also, his managers do not seem to know what Art is expecting of them as managers. This problem can be handled with training. Art may want to think about closing down his locations for a limited period of time in order to teach his managers what is expected of them. When Art visited these locations, it seems as though he never effectively What management skills must Art master if he is to resolve his problems and continue to grow? Conceptual skills may help him to understand that in order for the company to succeed he needs to plan and organize his goals. Using these skills increases the ability to see the organization as a whole. It would help Mr. Benton to understand the relationships among the different offices and see how the organization fits into its broader environment. These skills are cruel for the top management and will the company will grow and it will also allow Mr. Benton to grow as a person. Mr. Benton can apply the skills mastered in his company by realizing how the out-of-state offices are connected to the other offices. By understanding this he can understand the business as a whole and decide on the objectives and then proceeding to plan and organize management task. Therefore, mastering conceptual skills are recommended to learn since it will help the CEO understand the company as whole making better decisions and resolving the problems at ease.